Supersalmon» and other fish that are resistant to cold

The paper deals of the problems associated with the resistance of fish to low temperatures. Methods of selection of cold-resistant organisms are less effective than transgenic technologies that allow the creation of genetically modified organisms that are resistant to cold habitats. The most interesting genetically modified object among fish is "Supersalmon", created in the firm AquaBounty Technologies. "Supersalmon" is a polytransgenic fish, because in its genome contains integrated foreign growth hormone genes and antifreeze genes. Only 20 years later this product was first introduced in the world to the commercial market, since it was approved by the screening committee of the Food and Drug Administration of the United States (FDA). The aim of this study was to determine the degree of influence of low temperatures on the development, morphology of embryos and larvae of tropical fish Danio rerio with regard to the survival. At the stage 16-64 cells, embryos were placed in cold water (10⁰ C) for two hours. Every day, the morphology of the embryos and larvae was analyzed and their viability was taken into account. The optimum temperature for this fish species is 26-29 °C. After 24 hours of cultivation, the developmental anomalies were observed in the experimental groups and in control, but their degree of expression was different in different groups. In the control group the survival rate of zebrafish embryos and larvae with normal development varies from 72% to 93% for the week. About 80% of the embryos had normal morphology, and the percentage of embryos with abnormal development was 15% after two hours of blastocyst treatment at a temperature of 10 °C. 24 hours of development was a critical period with a maximum embryo death rate of 66%. The percentage of larvae with normal development for 5-7 days averaged an average of 10.0%, and with an abnormal morphology - 6.2%. The most common anomalies are deformation of the skeleton and dropsy. Thus, in the population of tropical fish there may be individuals able to adapt to extreme environmental conditions. The presented work can be applied in studying and obtaining stress-resistant forms of fish.

"Supersalmon", antifreeze proteins, fish Danio rerio, genetic constructs, transgenic fish, embryos, vitality, morphology

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