The anti-nutritional effect of phytates - the extraphosphorus effect of phytase (review)

An analytical review was conducted on the availability of phosphorus from phytates, which increase the inclusion of phytase in the feed, while not only phytic acid is broken down, but also as a result of a decrease in concentration reduces its anti-nutritional effect.

Phosphorus from plant feeds is not fully available to animals, as it is part of phytates, the cleavage of which in the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract) of animals is limited. Phytates, getting into the acidic environment of the stomach, ionize and react with positively charged minerals, proteins, amino acids, creating compounds inaccessible for further digestion. The inclusion of phytase in compound feed is accompanied by an extra phosphoric effect, which is expressed in an increase in the availability of amino acids and energy. The decision on the feasibility of including phytase in feed is made on the basis of production tests of the proposed drugs.

The studies carried out by the authors of invitro confirm the assumption that phytates enter into chemical interactions with peptides, as well as amino acids formed in the processes of protein digestion, turning them into compounds inaccessible to absorption. The proposed explanation does not affect the results of the balance experiment, but allows us to develop the study of the mechanism in terms of the interaction of digested amino acids with phytates. Based on this, another conclusion can be seen: the destruction of phytates should occur in the body before the digestion and dissolution of protein. In birds, this place is the goiter and stomachs, in pigs - the stomach. The hydrolysis of newly formed phytates (FC-amino acid) requires phytases that are active in the environment of the small intestine at pH 6 -7. As a result, the bound amino acids will be re-released and available for absorption. The development of new phytase preparations, taking into account the proposed explanation, will make it possible to create more effective feed preparations.

1. Lowe J. T. Cereals and rickets. IX. The availability of phytin-P to the chick / J. T. Lowe, H. Steenbock, C. H. Keiger // Poult. Sci. – 1939. – Vol. 18. – P. 40-44.

2. Warden W. K. Preliminary investigations concerning utilization of phytin phosphorus by the chick / W. K. Warden, P. J. Schaible // Poult. Sci. – 1962. – Vol. – P. 41.

3. V. Kryukov, I. Glebova, S. Zinoviev / The Matrix of Enzymes or what is silent suppliers // Compound Feed. – 2019a. – №6. – p. 57.

4. Costello A. J. R. 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance-pH titrations of myo-inositol hexaphosphate / Costello A. J. R., T. Glonek, T. C. Myers // Carbohydrate Resource. – 1976. – V. 46. – P. 159-171.

5. Kryukov V. S. Evaluation of fitase action in the digestive tract and the use of phytase preparations in animal nutrition / V. S. Kryukov, I. V. Glebova, A. A. Antipov // Problems of biology of productive animals. – 2019. – №2. – P. 5-25.

6. Brailoiu E. Inositol derivatives modulate spontaneous transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction / E. Brailoiu, M. D. Miyamoto, N. J. Dun Neuropharmacology. – 2003. – Vol. 45. – P. 691-700.

7. Zhang Z. Inositol hexaphosphate-induced enhancement of natural killer cell activity correlates with suppression of colon carcinogenesis in rats / Z. Zhang, Y. Song, X. L. Wang // World J. Gastroenterol. – 2005. – Vol. 11. – P. 5044-5046.

8. Cordell D. The story of phosphorus: global food security and food for thought / D. Cordell, J-O. Drangert, S. White // Global Envir Change. – 2009. – Vol. 19. – P. 292-305.

9. Jones G. How to choose the best phytase when drawing up the ration / G. Jones // "Testovik". – 2014. – №10. – P. 102-103.

10. Rarrezubov O. Fitaza. What has changed over the past 15 years / O. Rarkozubov // J. Feed. – 2014. – № 12. – P. 71-74.

11. Trufanov O. V. Fitase in the feeding of farm animals and birds. Kiev: Polygrfinko, 2011. 112 p.

12. Kornegay E.T. Digestion of phosphorus and other nutrients: the role of phytases and factors influencing their activity. In: Enzymes in animal nutrition (M. R. Bedford, G. G. Partridge, eds). Finnfeeds Marlborough Wiltshire UK, CABI Publ., 2000. P. 237-272.

13. Abdel-Hack M. E. The uses of microbial phytase as feed additive in poultry nutrition – A review / M. E. Abdel-Hack, M. Alagawany, M. Arif, M. Emam, M. Saeed, M. A. Arain, F. A. Siyal, A. Patra, S. S. Elnesr, R. U. Khan // Ann. Anim. Sci. – 2018. – Vol. 18. – P. 639-658.

14. Anderson P. A. Interactions between proteins and constituents that affect protein quality. In: Digestibility and Amino Acid Availability in Cereals and Oilseeds. St Paul, MN. American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc. 1985. P. 31-45.

15. Cosgrove D. J. The chemistry and biochemistry of inositol polyphosphates / D. J. Cosgrove // Reviews of Pure and Applied Chemistry. – 1966. – Vol. 16. – P. 209-224.

16. Noureddini H. Degradation of phytase in Distillers’ grains and gluten feed by Aspergillus niger phytase / H. Noureddini, J. Dang Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. – 2008. – Vol. 159. – Р.11-23.

17. Kies A. K. Interaction between protein, phytate, and microbial phytase in vitro studies / A. K. Kies, L. H. De Jonge, P. A. Kemme, A. W. Jongbloed // Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. – 2006. – №54. – P. 1753-1758.

18. Cowieson A. J. Phytic Acid and Phytase: Implications for Protein Utilization by Poultry / A. J. Cowieson, T. Acamovic, M. R. Bedford // Poultry Science. – 2006. – Vol. 85. – Р. 878–885.

19. Cowieson A. J. A systematic view on the effect of microbial phytase on ileal amino acid digestibility in broiler / A. J. Cowieson, J. P. Ruckebusch, J. O. B. Sorbara, J. W. Wilson, P. Guggenbuhl, F. F. Roos // Animal Feed Science and Technology. – 2017. – Vol. 225. – P. 182-194.

20. Yu S. Interactions of phytate and myo-inositol phosphate esters (IP1-5) including IP5 isomers with dietary protein and iron and inhibition of pepsin / S. Yu, A. Cowieson, C. Gilbert, P. Plumstead, S. Dalsgaard J. Anim. Sci. – 2012. – Vol. 90. – P. 1824-1832.

21. V. Sommerfeld, S. Künzel, M. Schollenberger, I. Kühn, Rodehutscord M. Influence of phytase or myo-inositol supplements on performance and phytate degradation products in the crop, ileum, and blood of broiler chickens. Poultry Science. – 2018. – Vol. 97. – P. 920-929.

22. Onyango E. M. Efficacy of an evolved Escherichia coli phytase in diets of broiler chicks / E. M. Onyango, M. R. Bedford, O. Adeola // Poultry Sci. – 2005. – №84. – P. 248-255.

23. Champagne E. T. NMR and ESR studies of interactions among divalent cations, phytic acid, and N-acetyl-amino acids / E. T. Champagne, M. S. Fisher, O. Hinojosa // Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. – 1990. – Vol. 38. – P. 199-215.

24. Mothes R. Rapeseed protein – polyanion interactions. Soluble complexes between the 2S protein fraction (napin) and phytic acid / R. Mothes, K. D. Schwenke, D. Zirwer, K. Gast // Die Nahrung. – 1990. – №34. – P. 375-385.

25. Cowieson A. J. Effect of phytic acid and microbial phytase on the flow and amino acid composition of endogenous protein at the terminal ileum of growing broiler chickens / A. J. Cowieson, V. Ravindran // British Journal of Nutrition. – 2007. – Vol. 98. – P. 745-752.

26. Adeola O. Board-invited review: opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve nonruminant animal production / O. Adeola, A. J. Cowieson // J. Аnim. Sci. – 2011. – Vol. 89. – P. 3189-3218.

27. Rutherfurd S. M. The effect of microbial phytase on ileal phosphorus and amino acid digestibility in broiler chickens / S. M. Rutherfurd, T. K. Chung, P. J. Moughan // Br. Poult. Sci. – 2002. – №44. – P. 598-606.

28. Vasquez M.V. and Glitsoe V. Phytase Unit Myth! 2012. https://www.dsm.com/content/dam/dsm/anh/en_US/documents/2012_Phytase_unit_myths.pdf

29. Gontia-Mishra I. Molecular Characterization and Comparative Phylogenetic Analysis of Phytases from Fungi with Their Prospective Applications. Food Technol / I. Gontia-Mishra, S. Tiwars // Biotechnol. – 2013. – Vol. 51. – P. 313-326.

30. Elkhalil K. A. I. In vitro and in vivo characteristics of bacterial phytases and their efficacy in broiler chickens / K. A. I. Elkhalil, K. Manner, O. R. Borriss, O. Simon // British Poultry Science. – 2007. – Vol. 48. – P. 64-70.