The natural conditions of the Republic of Tajikistan had promoted the rise of sheep breeding. In this regard, many hardy and highly productive local breeds were obtained. Here, we presented a genetic study of the Gissar, Tajik and Pamir fine-fleeced sheep based on microsatellites. The polymorphism of 11 STR loci was studied using a genetic analyzer. Statistical processing and data visualization were performed in software GenAIEx 6.503, PAST and Structure 2.3.4.The effective number of alleles varied from 2.81 in the group of fine-fleeced sheep to 5.16 in the group of Tajik sheep.There were found 5,73; 3.36 and 4.91 informative alleles per locus in the Tajik, fine-fleeced and Gissar sheep, respectively. The highest level of genetic diversity was identified in the Tajik sheep. In all groups, there was a deficit of heterozygotes, which was 8.2%; 10.2% and 18.2% in the Tajik, Gissar and Pamir fine-fleeced sheep breeds, respectively. Based on the matrix of Nei`s genetic distances, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using UPGMA method. The Gissar and Tajik sheep formed a cluster according their common origin. The pairwise Fst values showed a moderate differentiation and were 0.123 between the Gissar and Tajik sheep; 0.189 between the Pamir fine-wool and Tajik sheep and 0.239 between the Gissar and Pamir fine-wool sheep. To establish the individual assignment to a group, cluster analysis was performed in STRUCTURE. All sheep were assigned to their own clusters. The average values of the membership criterion in own cluster were high in all groups and were to Q_1/3 = 0.967 ± 0.014 ; Q_2/3 = 0.990 ± 0.004 and Q_3/3 = 0.971 ± 0.010 for the Tajik, Pamir fine-fleeced and Gissar sheep, respectively. Thus, the studied sheep groups are clearly differentiated and are characterized by high withinbreed consolidation. Research will be continued on a larger sample.

The paper deals with the problems associated with obtaining Danio rerio transgenic embryos and larvae with the expression of the green fluorescent gene (GFP) after the introduction of genetic constructs with different promoters. Despite the fact that the optimal stage for obtaining transgenic organisms is a zygote, in the pronuclei of which DNA synthesis is actively proceeding, in fish, embryos contain a yolk that masks these pronuclei. The vectors initially fall into the yolk part of the embryo, which does not allow foreign genetic material to enter the period of the first round of DNA replication, therefore, in most cases, these species show a mosaic type of transgene integration and expression. As a rule, fully transgenic fish are obtained by crossing the offspring F1 or F2, in the germ cells of which the transgene was integrated. In our experiments, two types of promoters were used: in one vector, the fluorescent green protein was under the control of the human elongation factor promoter (plasmid pCEEGFP), in the other, under the control of the chicken beta actin promoter (plasmid pCX-eGFP).To obtain transgenic embryos and Danio rerio larvae, in the blastodisc area, 15-20 minutes after fertilization, a microinjector was used to microinject genetic constructs containing the GFP gene. The developmental stages and analysis of the expression of the fluorescent gene were performed using a Lumar- 12 stereomicroscope from Zeiss. 372 embryos were analyzed. After the introduction of two different genetic constructs in most embryos (from 80 to 88%), expression of the fluorescent gene is observed on the fourth day of development, and only about 30% of embryos have a mosaic pattern of expression on the second day of development only after microinjection of the recombinant plasmid pCEEEGFP. It is noteworthy that in more than 70% of embryos, expression of the fluorescent gene was detected in the area of the digestive system. The initial stages of GFP gene expression differed in fish embryos obtained after the introduction of different vectors: the earliest expression was detected at the epibolia stage (5 hours of development) using the pCEEGFP construct. After maintaining the pCX-EGFP vector, expression first appeared on the third to fourth day of development. Most often, the localization of the fluorescence core was located in the region of the digestive system, as well as in separate clusters of myocytes and epithelial cells. Thus, the initial stages of expression of the GFP gene differed in fish embryos obtained after the introduction of different vectors. Transgenic fish are widely used. The models of transgenic fish allow in vivo to identify regulatory DNA sequences, as well as to determine the functions of genes, and serve as indicators for identifying pollutants in the environment, they can be used for screening drugs. Danio rerio transgenic fish are used as model organisms in the development of a number of human diseases, because most genes and their regulation to control the development of tissues and organs are conservative.

In this paper it have been described the genetic defects of arthrogriposis multiplex (AM) and developmental duplication (DD). In 2018 in L.K. Ernst Federal Science Center, the mutations caused AM and DD were studied, and on the base of obtained knowledges, it have been developed PCR test systems for the detection of the mutant alleles. By means the developed test systems we carried out the investigation of 2585 heads of cattle including 2244 bulls, 270 cows and 71 repair heifers. All animals belonged to thirty-eight populations breeding in different subjects of Russian Federation (Central and North-West Federal districts). All investigated livestock (n=2585) was analyzed on Developmental duplication genetic defect. The animals of twelve populations (n=1206) have been also investigated on genetic defect of arthrogriposis multiplex. The analysis has shown the presence the animals-carriers of arthrogriposis multiplex in three of twelve investigated populations in frequencies of 0.7-1.0%, and animals-carriers of genetic defect developmental duplication - in all populations in frequencies of 0.7-38.2%. The obtained results is the reflection of the chaotic in relation of genetic defects animals selection and confirm the necessity of development as the diagnostic measures as a strategy of the genetic anomalies control in Aberdeen Angus cattle on territory of Russian Federation.

The problem of production of safe for the consumer dairy products is quite relevant. Studies have been conducted to study the effect of beta-casein gene polymorphism (CSN2) on the safety of milk and dairy products. It was found that there is a relationship between the consumption of milk β-casein type A1 and various diseases. The purpose of our research - to develop an effective author's test system, affordable for the consumer, optimal for having in the laboratory equipment and to establish using the developed test system the frequency of occurrence of polymorphic variants in a sufficient array of livestock to allocate a group of animals-carriers of the genotype A2A2 for the production of A2 milk. The PCR/RPF method was used in the development of the test system. Primers are selected using the program Primer Premier, amplification conditions-empirically. To create a restriction site in the area of the required SNP (T →G), an introduction to one of the nucleotide replacement primers was required. For conducting RFLP analysis used a restriction enzyme BstDEI. Testing of the test system was carried out using the DNA of bulls listed on the website https://www.accelgen.com CSN2 genotypes. The object of research was cows Ayrshire (n=685) and Holstein (n=1081) of JSC "Agroalimenta "Kuban". Total genotyped 1766 heads. It was found that allele A2 occurs at a frequency of 0.41 and 0.48, respectively, in animals of Ayrshire and Holstein breeds. Frequency of "desirable" А2А2 genotype was 0.19 and 0.21 in Ayrshire - Holstein breed of cattle.

Successful solution of the problem of preserving the viability of devitrified donor porcine oocytes will significantly intensify innovative cellular reproductive and DNA technologies by creating cryobanks of female gametes with positive qualitative characteristics. Creation an effective model of vitrification and media for the cultivation of frozen-thawed oocyte-cumulus complexes is an important task of cryo-and embryo-technologists. Highly dispersed silica nanoparticles (nHDS) possess, due to their structural features, a number of important properties (high sorption capacity of proteins, absence of allergenic and toxic effects on cells, activation of reparative processes, antioxidant effects), can be proposed as potential components of cryoprotectants and media for culturing devitrified cells. The effects of 0.001% nHDS on the chromatin status of native and devitrified Sus Scrofa Domesticus cumulus -oocyte complexes during in vitro culture have identified. 0.001% nHDS had not cyto- and genotoxic effects on both native and devitrified oocyte-cumulus complexes during cultivation, moreover, they reduced the level of destructive processes (apoptosis, pycnosis) provoked by ultralow temperatures (vitrification). A cryoprotective effect of 0.001% nHDS on devitrified somatic (cumulus) cells and gametes of Sus Scrofa Domesticus ovarian follicles after the freezing / thawing and cultivation during 44 hours was detected.The addition of 0.001% nHDS into cryoprotective and culture media had a positive effect on the morphofunctional state of cumulus cells after the vitrification and cultivation procedure. The proportion of cells with compact cumulus treated with 0.001% nHDS after devitrification increases from 33 % to 48 %, P<0,01. The level of oocytes with cumulus in a high degree of expansion after 44 hours of cultivation with 0.001% nHDS was 61 % vs 39 %, P<0,05, in control. The use of nHDS in the steps of the cumulus- oocyte- complexes vitrification procedure caused a decrease in the proportion of apoptotic cells (TUNEL-test) in the cumulus from 54 % to 35 %, P<0,05. The level of matured devitrified oocytes treated with 0.001% nHDS before culture increased from 33 % control to 59 %, P<0,001. The obtained results allow us to recommend the use of 0.001% nHDS in the steps of porcine oocytes vitrification technology.

In conditions of industrial breeding of cattle one of the most common diseases of newborns is bronchopneumonia. The "gold standard" for the disease diagnostic are X-ray and ultrasound examination of the chest. Sensitive and specific cytological and biochemical markers of bronchopneumonia in calves have not been identified at present, therefore their search seems relevant. We examined 30 calves (23 healthy and 7 with bronchopneumonia) of Holstein red-motley breed in the first month after birth. The dynamics of protein metabolism indicators and activity of nucleolus-forming regions were studied. In healthy and sick animals the decreasing in serum protein content was observed by the end of 2nd weeks of life. In animals with bronchopneumonia the mean concentrations of protein were lower than those in healthy calves, but no statistically significant differences were found. Creatinine and urea concentrations also indicated the decreasing in the amount of protein and the intensity of its metabolism. In diseased animals intoxication increased as a result of impaired functioning of the respiratory system and the level of urea in the blood remained constant even against the background of a decrease in protein content. The positive dynamics of changes in the content of immunoglobulins in the blood of both healthy and sick with bronchopneumonia calves was noted. The increasing of the concentration of total protein in sick calves by 28th day (compared with 14th day) is due to the production of antibodies and the increasing in the γ-globulin fraction of proteins. Among the studied indicators of "early" predictors of bronchopneumonia could not be identified. According to the results of the ROC-analysis, "late" predictors of bronchopneumonia were the concentration of urea and creatinine and the activity of nucleolus-forming regions at 28th days. These predictors can be used to confirm the diagnosis, assess the condition of the body and the effectiveness of therapy, the choice of drugs and the formation of predictions. The function of the production of antibodies by B-lymphocytes did not depend on the state of protein metabolism in general, the concentration of immunoglobulins in serum increased against the background of the decreasing in the total protein content. Increasing the activity of nucleolus-forming regions in conditions of a developed clinical picture of the disease can be a prognostically favorable sign, since it indicates a sufficient adaptive potential of the humoral immunity and normal functioning of the immune system as a whole.

The article reflects the results of the study on the effect of stress (changing the conditions of roosters’ keeping: from floor sistem to individual cages) on the sperm quality of males from the bioresource collection «Collection of the Rare and Vanishing Chicken Breeds» (RRIFAGB). In the experience were used roosters 56-58 weeks of age. The duration of the adaptation period to changing conditions (immobilization stress) was determined. Males were evaluated for suitability to artificial insemination and their sperm cryoconservation. The experiment were used roosters 17 breeds. The criterion for selecting cocks for the experiment was the primary response to massage according to the method of Burrows W.A., Quinn J.P., all selected individuals gave a positive response. For eye sperm evaluation, the selected poultry flock was divided into two groups: the 1st group (n = 64) with a live weight ≥ 3 kg and more (breeds: Leningrad golden-gray, Pushkinskaya, Tsarskoselsky, Poltava clay, Pervomai Light, Orloff Mille Fleur, Uzbek Game, Yurlov Kräher , Australorp black); Group 2 (n = 25) with a live weight < 3 kg (breeds: Pantsirev Black, Kuchino Jubilee, Czech golden, Frizzle, Russian Crested, Black Speckled Australorp, Minorca). To determine the effect of stress, ejaculate volume were compared in 3 steps. Obtained results reflected the dynamics of ejaculate volume. The test population had a ejaculate volume from 0.1 ml to 1.1 ml. Sperm activity of the breeds in the 1st group (live weight ≥ 3 kg) at the 1st assessment varied from 8.7 to 9.9 scores. Sperm activity at the 2nd assessment was lower: from 5.9 to 9.1 scores. The increasing of sperm activity come at 18-21 days after cocks transfer to individual cages. The next, the 3rd assessment of evaluation of sperm activity showed a stable result from 8.5 to 9.5. As a result of the experience on the study of quality indicators of sperm in the 2nd group of roosters, high variability indicators were obtained at all steps (Cv) of 32.0-54.0%, which suggests a low threshold of sensitivity to stress (high stress ability) to changing the poultry keeping system . The received stress loading during the study affects the general condition of the poultry. As known, it influences the formation of the immune response and reduces reproductive function.

The aim of the work is to study the reproductive qualities of Large White (LW) sows at linear breeding and of the variants of two-and three breeds crossing with Landrace (L), Duroc (D) and Pietrain (P) sires. The analogical schemes of breeding are used at present at the most of big swine complexes in RF. The estimation of 1074 farrows from 475 dams - daughters from six sires of Large White breed shows that the number of pigs per litter at linear breeding and at crossing with Landrace varies from 11,04 to 12,07, the number of pigs per litter at weaning varies from 10,61 to 11,11 , and the weight of litter at 30 days is 85,8 - 97,4 kg. Results of two factor dispersion analyses reveals reliable influence of breed on total number of pigs at birth. The influence of some sires one can see in indices of number of pigs and weight of litter at birth and at 30 days. The combined influence of two factors is reliable for all indices of dams´ reproductive qualities. When compare three breeds crossing and two breeds crossing LW×L, the number of pigs per litter increases by 0,63 and 0,73 pigs in variants (LW×L)×D and (LW×L)×P accordingly. As for other indices the differences are unreliable. The analyses demonstrate the fact, that at relatively high level of productivity of purebred linear sows the crossing with sires of other dam line doesn´t gives heterosis in reproduction qualities. As a result of crossing of hybrid sows with terminal sires the number of pigs, the vitality of litter are increased and the production of standard meat product with minimal expense of feed per 1 kg of weight increase is achieved.

In the animal population in process of evolution there is a continuous change of genetic composition. Interaction of heredity, variation and selection determines the existence of populations. Currently, the selection applies to the whole breed population. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a methodological basis for the breed selection programs. Identification of biological parameters of the main economically useful signs of first calving cows of regional populations of domestic dairy cattle of Ayrshire breed is the purpose of these studies. It is established that the age of cows at the first calving ranges in the Southern Federal District (SFD) and Volga FD (VFD) from 25.5 and 25.7 months to 26.9 in the Northwestern FD (NFD); calving age from 2.30 years in the Central FD (CFD) to 2.82 years in the NFD; milk yield for the last completed lactation in all categories of farms from 7643 kg in 9 farms of the VFD to 6314 kg in 29 farms of the CFD, including Breeding Factories (BF) from 8312 kg in VFD to 6694 in the SFD; the content of milk fat and milk protein from 4,32 and 3,52% in the VFD to 3.95 % of fat in the SFD and 3,22 % of protein in the NFD. The highest value of variability of milk yield from cows in the SFD, and the content of fat and protein in milk, and yield in 100 days - in the CFA. More stable yield at Ayrshire CFA, the fat content in milk - VFD. The most diversity in live weight after the 1st calving in animals VFD. First calving cows of all FD have low heritability of service period, in VFD - of content fat in milk and in CFD - of daily milk yield and milk yield rate. For the rest of the signs observed average or high coefficients of heritability. Revealed a low positive correlation (+0,029) of milk yield with fat content in milk of the CFD. In contrast the high positive correlation of milk yield with protein content in milk of the VFD and CFD (+0,256 and 0,233) against the negative in the SFD, the lack of correlation of milk yield with a live weight after first calving in SFD (+0,024). It is necessary to develop separate breeding programs for regions of Ayrshire cattle breeding and correct data of electronic databases for the development of breed selection programs for the breed.

The article presents review of current state of the main productive and operational performance, of a livestock of the cattle holstein of breed of cows of black and motley color in the Russian Federation and in Murmansk region. Growth of number of a livestock of cows at increase in their dairy efficiency is established. For the period from 2007 to 2017. the average yield of Holstein black-variegated breed increased by 2477 kg and in 2017 amounted to 8567 kg of milk, with fat content - 3.86%. In the Federal Districts, where the highest milk production was noted (North-West, Volga and Siberian), the yield of calves per 100 cows was 82.6; 81.1; 80.8 respectively. The highest rates of productive longevity of Holstein black-and-white cows are noted in the North-West, Far Eastern and Volga Federal Districts. The average retirement age there was 3.20; 3.18; 2.85 calving, respectively. In 36.2% of the controlled livestock of cows, the fat content of the milk is in the range from 3.91 to 4.23%, while in 21.8% of the cows, the fat content of milk exceeded 4%. As of 01.01.2018, in the Russian Federation, there were 594 sires of Holstein breed of black and variegated color. 375 bulls (63%) have mothers with a productivity of 12,000 kg and above. 31% of manufacturing bulls (186 heads) have a mothers productivity from 10,000 to 12,000 kg. For mothers, 111 bulls have a fat content of milk in the range of 4.26-4.5%, in 96 bulls, mothers have milk fat in the range of 4.51-5.0% and 29 bulls are obtained from mothers with a fat content of milk more than 5%. An increase in the number of pedigree enterprises in the Russian Federation, which have proven by the quality of the offspring of Holstein bulls of the black and variegated color of their own selection, has been identified. In 2007 there were 4 such breeding enterprises, and in 2017 their number increased to 10. The number of bulls of the domestic breeding checked by the quality of the offspring increased from 6 in 2007 to 18 heads in 2017.

The basis for obtaining high milk productivity of cows is the provision of their protein and energy. As a result of the research, it was established that during heat treatment of feed, containing a high percentage of protein and low disintegration in the rumen had a high digestibility in the intestine. By reducing the protein disintegration of feed from 63.6% to 48.1% during the first phase of lactation (1-100 days), animals used nitrogen better and increased their productivity. Voluminous feed are of great importance in feeding ruminants to provide them with energy. However, the quality of roughage does not always meet the necessary requirements for this purpose. The carbohydrate feed of Holstein-Kholmogory cows during the period of milking was studied taking into account the quantity and quality of fiber of Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) in diets and the effectiveness of their use in the European North of the Russian Federation. It has been established that a decrease in the neutral detergent fiber in the rations of experienced cows from 42.1 to 37.0% and acid-detergent fiber from 28.5% to 24.5% leads to an increase in the digestibility of dietary nutrients, improves nitrogen metabolism, enhances microbiological activity in the rumen of cows. Optimum relationship in the rations of the highly productive cows of neytralnodetergentnoy and kislotnodetergentnoy cellulose tissue leads to strengthening of metabolic processes in the organism of animals, effective use of fodders, increase in the productivity.

The accumulation in the body of potentially hazardous chemicals is a growing degradation of the environment, which upsets the natural balance in the food chain. Therefore, adaptation mechanisms that provide self-regulation of the animal's body, prove to be untenable. To study the effect on the organism of cows of adverse environmental background in the Kartalinsky district of the Chelyabinsk region, we carried out biochemical studies on a number of indicators. The decrease in the total protein content occurs mainly due to the low molecular weight fraction of albumin, the copper-containing protein - ceruloplasmin and protective proteins: β_2-globulins and γ_2-globulins, which leads to the redistribution of protein fractions of bovine serum. A decrease in the serum albumin concentration indicates a decrease in the antitoxic function of albumin and the appearance of individual metabolites in the free biologically active state. This leads to a slowdown in the renewal of proteins and cellular structures of the body. A significant impact on the level of β_2-globulins, which are protective blood proteins, this is due to the shift of the protein pattern in the body of cows. As a result of prolonged exposure to toxic elements, which in turn act as a qualitatively new environmental factor, a shift in the protein spectrum of the blood occurs. This leads to a change in homeostasis, which activates the systems responsible for adaptation, through the higher regulatory mechanisms of the brain. The phenomenon of pseudo-adaptation of animals, in which hidden pathological processes are temporarily reimbursed and recede into the background, causes a complex effect of environmental pollution of the Chelyabinsk region. This is confirmed by comparing the results of biochemical studies of blood serum of cows and reference indicators.